Chlorophyll Definition and Role in Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll Definition and Role in Photosynthesis Chlorophyll is the name given to a gathering of green color particles found in plants, green growth, and cyanobacteria. The two most basic sorts of chlorophyll will be chlorophyll a, which is a blue-dark ester with the substance formula C55H72MgN4O5, and chlorophyll b, which is aâ dark green ester with the equation C55H70MgN4O6. Different types of chlorophyll incorporate chlorophyll c1, c2, d, and f. The types of chlorophyll have diverse side chains and substance bonds, yet all are portrayed by a chlorin color ring containing a magnesium particle at its middle. Key Takeaways: Chlorophyll Chlorophyll is a green color atom that gathers sun oriented vitality for photosynthesis. Its really a group of related particles, not simply one.Chlorophyll is found in plants, green growth, cyanobacteria, protists, and a couple animals.Although chlorophyll is the most widely recognized photosynthetic color, there are a few others, including the anthocyanins. The word chlorophyll originates from the Greek words chloros, which means green, and phyllon, which implies leaf. Joseph Bienaimã © Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier first disengaged and named the atom in 1817. Chlorophyll is a fundamental shade atom for photosynthesis, the substance procedure plants use to retain and utilize vitality from light. Its likewise utilized as a food shading (E140) and as a freshening up operator. As a food shading, chlorophyll is utilized to add a green shading to pasta, the soul absinthe, and different nourishments and refreshments. As a waxyâ organic compound, chlorophyll isn't dissolvable in water. It is blended in with a limited quantity of oil when its utilized in food. Otherwise called: The substitute spelling for chlorophyll is chlorophyl. Job of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis The general adjusted condition for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2 6 H2O â†' C6H12O6 6 O2 where carbon dioxide and water respond to deliver glucose and oxygen. In any case, the general response doesnt demonstrate the multifaceted nature of the concoction responses or the atoms that are included. Plants and other photosynthetic life forms use chlorophyll to assimilate light (typically sun oriented vitality) and convert it into compound vitality. Chlorophyll emphatically retains blue light and furthermore some red light. It ineffectively retains green (reflects it), which is the reason chlorophyll-rich leaves and green growth seem green. In plants, chlorophyll encompasses photosystems in the thylakoid layer of organelles called chloroplasts, which are packed in the leaves of plants. Chlorophyll assimilates light and uses reverberation vitality move to empower response focuses in photosystem I and photosystem II. This happens when vitality from a photon (light) expels an electron from chlorophyll in response focus P680 of photosystem II. The high vitality electron enters an electron transport chain. P700 of photosystem I works with photosystem II, in spite of the fact that the wellspring of electrons in this chlorophyll atom can change. Electrons that enter the electron transport bind are utilized to siphon hydrogen particles (H) over the thylakoid layer of the chloroplast. The chemiosmotic potential is utilized to deliver the vitality atom ATP and to decrease NADP to NADPH. NADPH, thusly, is utilized to diminish carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugars, for example, glucose. Different Pigments and Photosynthesis Chlorophyll is the most broadly perceived atom used to gather light for photosynthesis, however its not by any means the only color that serves this capacity. Chlorophyll has a place with a bigger class of particles called anthocyanins. Some anthocyanins work related to chlorophyll, while others ingest light freely or at an alternate purpose of a living beings life cycle. These atoms may ensure plants by changing their shading to make them less appealing as food and less obvious to bothers. Different anthocyanins retain light in the green bit of the range, expanding the scope of light a plant can utilize. Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Plants make chlorophyll from the particles glycine and succinyl-CoA. There is a middle atom called protochlorophyllide, which is changed over into chlorophyll. In angiosperms, this compound response is light-needy. These plants are pale on the off chance that they are developed in murkiness since they cannot finish the response to deliver chlorophyll. Green growth and non-vascular plants dont expect light to integrate chlorophyll. Protochlorophyllide structures harmful free radicals in plants, so chlorophyll biosynthesis is firmly controlled. On the off chance that iron, magnesium, or iron are insufficient, plants might be not able to orchestrate enough chlorophyll, seeming pale or chlorotic. Chlorosis may likewise be brought about by inappropriate pH (acridity or alkalinity) or pathogens or bug assault.

Jackie O concert review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jackie O show survey - Essay Example Kennedy, belcher played Andy Warhol, Stephanie played Maria Callas and Joyce played Grace Kelly. The creations as indicated by the show were twenty five. It anyway begins with a suggestion of Jackie’s tune. It is played with a violin which prompts the start of the show. The rundown at that point goes on to the various pieces and afterward finishes with bows and credits. The primary rundown of pieces incorporates the accompanying; 3. Portray at least one melodic components that you perceive in the structures. Distinguish the style time frame (If you are ignorant what the style is, look into the arranger and contrast it with the period talked about in the book). The dates will regularly show up in the program. Notice any instrument that sticks out and clarify why In the structure, there is the utilization of the cello for the most part. It stands apart for me as it draws out the despairing. It is played performance and it offers voice to Jackie’s melody that is without voice at the outset and empowers one to comprehend the disposition of the tune and the drama. Different instruments utilized in the creation incorporate, the piano, percussion, clarinet, the cello, a drum, saxophone, horn, trumpet, acoustic guitar, a bassoon, harp, trombone, tuba, strings and the flute. The style time frame is viewed as a drama since it is a progression of numerous demonstrations and pieces all through the show. Others may likewise consider it a melody cycle as a result of the various arrangements in it. The show is brimming with life. The exhibitions carry a lot of importance to the titles and arrangements of every one of them. The outfits by the exhibitions and the voices bring out songs that make incredible orchestra with the instruments. Every job of each entertainer is all around represented to draw out the tales of the show as indicated by Daugherty. The life introduced for Jackie O is a progression of both satisfaction and trouble. The show brings out feeling that is delineated so critically in the melodies and in the

C++ vs Python The Best Ever Comparison Between OOPs

C++ vs Python The Best Ever Comparison Between OOPs When we talk about the general-purpose programming languages, then the first two languages that come into our mind is C++ and Python. There are a lot of differences between C++ vs Python. The only similarity between these two is the general-purpose languages. Lets start with a short introduction to C++. We can say that it is the successor of the C language with object-oriented capabilities. On the other hand, Python is the most popular high-level programming language in the world. It is quite easy to use; the most uniques feature of Python is that you do not need to declare variables in Python. C++ Summary C++Uses of C++PythonUses of PythonC++ vs PythonCode lengthFlexibilityEase of learningSpeedMemory ManagementReadabilityC++PythonDeclarationSpecial functionsPython vs C++ syntaxCareer AspectsCompaniesConclusion (C++ vs Python) C++ is one of the most popular and widely used general-purpose programming languages. It is used to develop complex systems where the hardware level coding requires. But C++ is not portable like other high-level programming languages. You need to compile the C++ code every time if you want to run it on another machine. It is having a lot of similarities with the C language. Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ in late 1979. It is one of the most powerful high-level programming languages. Most of the programmers call it C with classes. Uses of C++ When we talk about hardware-level coding, then C++ is the first choice of the developers. It is used to produce almost every embedded system. e.g., smartwatches, stopwatches, multimedia systems in automobiles, electric cars systems, IoT devices, etc.We can also develop the servers and the high-performance microcontroller programs. Microcontroller programs can be found in factories.Game development is the key to C++. That is the reason C++ is becoming more popular among game developers. We can create 3D games, multiplayer, and many more types of games using C++. One of the leading game development framework Unity is also written in C++.C++ is also used to create the compiler for other programming languages. Did you know that almost every programming language compilers are created with the help of C++. Python Python is the most powerful general-purpose programming language. It is widely used in machine learning in Big Data technologies. Python was created in late 1991 by Guido van Rossum, the dutch programmer. It is the only programming language in the world that has the best code readability. When the Python was created, it was built with the motive to make its programming most straightforward than any programming language. Python code depends on the indentation apart from the complex structure. Apart from that Python is an interpreted language. It means that python code needs not to be converted into machine language at the runtime. Did you know that Python still ranks among the simplest programming language in the world. It is quite close to pseudocode. Therefore its code is quite readable and beautiful. Moreover, it has plenty of libraries that make it extremely powerful. The popularity of Python is making it the most desirable language in the current industry. Uses of Python Python is widely used with machine learning. In other words, Python code is compatible with machine learning. Thus the program created with Python has the capabilities of machine learning. In contrast, it is helping in various industries such as retail, banking, aerospace, and many more. It helps in getting useful insight into the business to make plans.When it comes to the data analyst, their first choice is Python programming language. The reason is that Python has the ability to manage the massive amount of data with ease and cost-effective way. Data analysts use it to analyze the data and statistical information.Web developers also use Python for developing the most complex web application. Python offers the Django framework. You can also create the entire sites using Python, but it is quite challenging to do.Python is also useful in Big data technologies. Most of the significant data functions can be performed using Python programming. C++ vs Python Code length C++ is using the predefined structure to write the code in it. It means that whenever you do start coding in C++, you need to follow the structure. Therefore the code written in C++ becomes more lengthy than Python. But wait C++ offers the fast prototyping features. With this feature, you can code in C++ with a rapid pace. On the other hand, Python doesnt have a predefined structure. Therefore you can write simple code in Python and make your code much shorter. Flexibility C++ is using the compiler for the compilation of the code. Thus it does not allow you to run the same code on other machines or operating systems. If you want to run the same program on different computers. Then you need to compile the program on other machines to run it. On the other hand, Python uses the interpreter to run the code. Therefore you can run the Python program on almost every computer or operating system. But the Python should be installed on the computer. Ease of learning C++ is quite complicated when it comes to learning. It has lots of predefined syntaxes and structure. On the other hand, Python is close to plain English. Therefore it is easier to learn. C++ is worked very close to the hardware; therefore, a wrong C++ program can destroy the entire system. If we talk about the compile steps, then Python has the number of compile steps depends on the length and functions of the code. But on the other hand, Python has zero compile steps. You can run the Python code by simply typing the name of the program with .py extension. As a beginner, you can find the best community support for Python because Python has the largest community than any other programming language. You can also find the documentation of Python on its official sites. If you face any problem using Python then you can directly ask for help in its community. On the other hand, C++ doesnt have well-written documentation. But it has the community to solve the issues of the programmers. Speed It is the key to every programming language. Speed matters a lot when it comes to real-time systems. Nowadays, lots of industries are working on real-time systems. Therefore the language has to be fast to run the real-time systems. C++ is faster than Python. Python is slower because it is also written in C language. Memory Management Memory management is quite complex in C++. It allows you to allocate the memory to the new variables and also deallocate the memory from the variable when it is no longer requires in the code. If you dont do the same, then there are also the chances of memory leak in C++. Because C++ doesnt support the garbage collection. On the other hand, there is no need to allocate and deallocate memory in Python. Because Python does it on its own, it does the memory management job with the memory allocation feature. Readability C++ code readability is weak as compared with Python. The reason is C++ has a lot of syntaxes that are entirely overwhelming when it comes to readability. C++ also lacks the indentation rules. Thus the code is like garbage in some points. On the other hand, Python has more English like syntax. It allows the indentation rules; thus, the programmer can keep track of every opened bracket. Lets explain the readability with the help of a simple example. C++ class HelloWorld { public: void PrintHelloCalltutor() { std::cout Hello Calltutor! ; } }; Python print(Hello Calltutor!) Declaration If we want to use any data type in C++. Then we need to declare the data type each time we use. Therefore we do have the proper command over when we have declared the datatype. It also becomes less ambiguous that what the code is going to do with the datatype. Thus it is quite easy to find and handle errors in C++. On the other hand, if we want to write the code in Python, then we need not declare the type of data. Therefore the length of the code becomes shorter and easier to maintain. For example, in C++ code the data type will declare as int a=10, and in Python a=10 Special functions C++ is having the features of both the high-level language and low-level language. Thus it is also known as the intermediate level programming language. Apart from that, it also has all the features of the object-oriented programming language. Some of the top OOPs features of C++ are class, operator overloading, multiple inheritances, exception handling, etc. On the other hand, Python is the most simple and powerful high-level programming language. It has some inbuilt constructor for executing clear code for large and small scale. It is also an object-oriented programming language. Python vs C++ syntax C++ has complex syntax as compared with Python. It requires the semicolons and brackets to work. You cant run the C++ code without using semicolons and brackets. On the other hand, Python offers a user-friendly approach to code into it. The entire structure of Python programming depends on the code indentation. In other words, we can say that the indentation creates the structure of code in Python. We write an end of the line at the end of the statement that replaces the uses of the semicolon in Python. We can also use the backslash within our code if we do not want to break our line of code. C++ uses the semicolon at the end of each line. Career Aspects C++ Career opportunity Junior ProgrammerSoftware DeveloperQuality AnalystGame ProgrammerSoftware Developer EngineerProgramming ArchitectUNIX Shell ScriptingBackend DeveloperEmbedded EngineerDatabase Developer Career in Python Python DeveloperProduct ManagerData AnalystEducatorFinancial AdvisorsData JournalistResearch AnalystData ScientistSoftware EngineerSoftware Developer Companies Companies using C++ GoogleTwitchAccenturePubuYummlyQuizUpYextFiveStarsAnimotoMediamath Companies using Python InstagramGoogleSpotifyNetflixUberDropboxPinterestInstacartredditlyft Conclusion (C++ vs Python) If we talk about the conclusion from the above discussion on C++ vs Python, we get that C++ is quite faster than the Python. Thus it is the best option to build real-time applications. Whenever we want to create real-time apps or on the go apps, then C++ is the first choice. The Majority of companies are using C++ is developing their platforms. One of the famous search engines, Google are utilizing both C++ and Python to provide unmatched performance to the users. Apart from that Python is having better Graphic capabilities as compared with C++. Nowadays, lots of companies on their online apps to attract more users. Python provides the best framework to develop and create robust and eye-catchy web applications. Instagram, Google, Netflix, and many more companies are utilizing this feature of Python. But wait, if we want to do code to the hardware level, then there is no competition between C++ vs Python because C++ can code to the hardware level. It is the only language that is the combination of low and high-level programming languages. Thus you can utilize the hardware to its full potential without doing the complex coding. Thats why C++ is becoming the first choice for gaming console developers. Both C++ and Python are having a decent future scope. But if you want to be more than just a developer, then you should opt for Python. Otherwise, you can choose to C++ to become the C++ developer. We do have both C++ programming experts and Python programming experts. They have plenty of years of experience in their fields. Therefore they can provide you the best C++ programming help and Python programming help. Along with they are also capable of offering you the best C++ assignment help and C++ homework help.

Public Administrator Restrictions Essay - 669 Words

Public Administrator Restrictions Keith Folger Grantham University Abstract The discussion that public administrators should be restricted to only laid down rules in the discharge of their duties bears a great many implications. Whether or not they should have some amount of discretion in performance of their duties may vary greatly depending on the amount of oversight required for the particular level of administration. Administrators working in the U.S. capitol may not be allowed the same freedom to execute tasks as those working in a small municipality. The idea that public administrators should be restricted to only laid down rules in the discharge of their duties is debatable, and dependent on the type of specific duties†¦show more content†¦Regarding allowing more leeway to public administrators, caution should be exercised in order to prevent controlling behavior of workers from the top, or micromanaging. This condition does not always allow those closest to the service delivery to react in a timely and efficient manner. Public management today would seem to favor a more decentralized type of administration. Delegation of discretion and empowering of employees has made customers expect a more flexible bisiness transaction for their goods and services. The use of the current market to assess the effectiveness of competition and customer service can help to improve performance. Allowing a more decentralized approach may also achieve accountability through the measurement of outcomes rather than accounting for inputs. P erformance measures can be used to take the place of tight control from the top through proper use and enforcement of rules and regulations. Granting more discretion to managers to manage is necessary; if they are to be held accountable for their performance, they must have the flexibility to use their judgment. In some ways the usefulness of the so called â€Å"bureaucratic paradigm† has for the most part been superseded by the need for organizations that are more flexible. These organizations need the ability to operate in aShow MoreRelatedStudents Freedom Of Speech949 Words   |  4 Pagesand school administrators? Instead accepting students’ speech for what it is, students are punished for speaking out. Although in most instances where administration feel the need to restrain student’s speech, what makes that decision absolute? Whenever there is a belief that student’s speech should be restrained by administrators, openness should always be embraced and the school administrators should bear the burden of proof to show justification (Martinson, 2000). 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Breast Cancer A Serious Condition - 1553 Words

Destiny Myers BBH 411W.004 Prof. Gyekis 2/18/16 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a serious condition and takes many people s lives each and every year. It accounts for at least 18.2% of cancer deaths worldwide.1 In society today, women are more focused on what appeals to men, rather than worrying about their own health. â€Å"If only women paid as much attention to their breast as men do† is promoted by National Breast Cancer Foundation. 2 The message that I took from this PSA is the notion that women do not pay enough attention to their bodies from a health standpoint. Men are seen paying more attention to our breast than we do. Being educated on pre-screening techniques, signs, overall education about breast cancer could help increase awareness and decrease incidence rates3. Women need to stop obsessing about self-image and start focusing more on their overall health. 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P1- Health and Social Care Life Stages Free Essays

string(58) " contractions are normal and not a sign of preterm labor\." The Life Stages 0-3 years is Tommy 4-9 years is Amy 10-18 years is Abbey 19-65 years is Denise/Jack 65+ years is Pat The human life span is set in age stages; these are called Life Stages. The stages are listed from 0-3 years to 65+ years. Growth is a term used within describing the life stages because it’s a term to describe an increase in quantity. We will write a custom essay sample on P1- Health and Social Care Life Stages or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, as children grow the height and weight increases. We also use the term development; this describes the development of someone’s abilities, as they grow older. We can also use this term to describe the development of quantity change, such as height and weight. Also describing the lift stages, we use the term called maturation. This is different to development and growth. Puberty is an example of maturation because when development is expected to be due to a genetically automated sequence of change. Development norms, is another term we use to describe a set of average expectations to an infants or child’s development. Holistic development is similar but instead its describing someone’s physical, emotional, intellectual and social development in one. Conception pregnancy A human baby’s life begins at conception. A woman usually develops 1 egg per month, roughly this happens 2 weeks after her last period. A women is most likely to get pregnant within a day or so of ovulation. An egg lives for about 12-24 hours after its released. For a woman to actually get pregnant the egg needs to be fertilized by a sperm cell within this time. Pregnancy is divided into  3 trimesters. Each trimester is a little longer than 13 weeks. The first month marks the beginning of the first trimester. 1, 2 and 3 weeks The egg is fertilized in one of the fallopian tubes and is carried into the uterus. Fertilization of the egg happens in the fallopian tube. As the egg passes through the fallopian tube is sets itself in the wall of the uterus. The embryo becomes a shape of a pear with a head shaped rounded, pointed lower spine and notochord running along its back. 4- 5 weeks The embryo becomes C-shaped and a tail is visible. The umbilical cord forms and the forebrain enlarge; at this stage of pregnancy the internal organs a begun to form. During this stage of development, the embryo is vulnerable to harmful substances consumed by the mother, which may cause defects. 6-8 weeks The eyes, mouth, nose and ears have begun to form and the limbs grow rapidly from tiny buds. The head and face has formed more human, the head is more upright, and the tail has gone. Legs and arms have developed. Fingers and toes have formed. 9-10 weeks * The embryo develops into a fetus after 10 weeks. * Fingers and toes are longer. The umbilical cord connects the abdomen of the fetus to the placenta. The placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus. It absorbs nutrients from the woman’s bloodstream. The cord carries nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and takes wastes away from the fetus. 1-12 weeks The fetus is now measured from the top of its head to its buttocks. This is called crown-rump length. The fetus has a CRL of 2–3 inches. Its Fingers and toes are no longer webbed whilst the Bones begin hardening. Skin and fingernails begin to grow. Changes triggered by hormones begin to make external sex organs appear — female or male. The fetus begins making sponta neous movements. Kidneys start making urine, Early sweat glands appear and Eyelids are fused together. 13-14 weeks (second trimester) The baby has a CRL of about 3 inches long which is about 8 cm long at this stage. The sex of the fetus can sometimes be seen on the ultra sound of the mothers scan. Hair begins to grow on the babys head and the roof of the baby’s mouth is formed, whilst the prostate glands are developing on the male. Ovaries move down from the abdomen to the pelvic area in the female. 15-16 weeks Some of the early signs and symptoms of pregnancy begin to be relieved during the fourth month for example Nausea is usually reduced. But other digestive problems — heartburn and constipation — may be still occurring. Breast changes — growth, soreness, and darkening of the areola — usually continue. It’s common for women to have shortness of breath or to breathe faster. Increased blood flow may lead to unpleasant pregnancy symptoms, such as bleeding gums, nosebleeds, or nasal stuffiness. Pregnant women also may feel dizzy or faint because of the changes to their blood and blood vessels. 17-20 weeks The fetus has CRL of about 6. 5 inches long which is 16cm long. The fine downy hair begins to cover the body, which is called Lanugo. The skin is also covered with Vernix Caseosa, which is a greasy material that covers the body. The uterus now has developed into either a male or female. Women usually feel faint movements for the first time during the fifth month. It may feel like flutters or butterflies in the stomach. The pregnancy symptoms of the fourth month continue into the 5th month- Heartburn, constipation, breast changes, dizziness, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, and gum bleeding are common. Breasts may be as much as  2 cup sizes bigger by this time. 21-24 months The baby now has a CRL of about 7 inches, which is about 18-19 cm long. The bone marrow now starts to develop blood cells and taste buds start to form. Pregnancy symptoms from the fourth and fifth month usually continue. Shortness of breath may improve. Breasts may start producing colostrum — tiny drops of early milk. This may continue throughout pregnancy. Some women have Braxton-Hicks contractions. They feel like a painless squeezing of the uterus or abdomen. This is the uterus’s way of practicing for labor and delivery. Braxton-Hicks contractions are normal and not a sign of preterm labor. You read "P1- Health and Social Care Life Stages" in category "Essay examples" But women should check with their health care providers if they have painful or frequent contractions or if they have any concerns. Weeks 25–26 The baby has now got a CRL of about 9 inches long which is roughly 23 inches long. Also the baby develops more and more fat from now until end of pregnancy. * Week 27–28 The baby now has a CRL of about 10 inches which is 25 cm long. Eyelids are usually fused together until 28 weeks. A woman’s uterus continues expanding. Back pain is common. Pregnancy symptoms from earlier months continue. Dizziness may lessen. * 29-30 weeks (third trimester) * * The fetus has a CRL of about 10. 5 inches (27 cm). Testes usually begin descending into the scrotum from the abdomen between weeks 30 and 34 in a male fetus. This is usually complete by 40 weeks. Week 31–32 The fetus has a CRL of about 11 inches (28 cm). Lanugo starts falling off. ?Women often start feeling tired and have a more difficult time breathing as the uterus expands up. They may get varicose veins — blue or red swollen veins most often in the legs — or hemorrhoids — varicose veins of the rectum. Hemorrhoids can be painful and itchy and cause bleeding. Women may also get str etch marks where skin has been expanded. Braxton-Hicks contractions, heartburn, and constipation may continue. Women may urinate a bit when sneezing or laughing because of pressure from the uterus on the bladder. Hormones may make hair appear fuller and healthier. Weeks 33-36 * The fetus has a CRL of about 12 inches (30 cm). The eyes have developed enough for pupils to constrict and dilate when exposed to light. * Lanugo is nearly all gone. The fetus is considerably fatter, and the * Skin is no longer wrinkled. 37-40 weeks * The fetus has a CRL of about 13–14 inches (34–36 cm). * The fetus has a firm grasp. Many women give birth around this * Time. The average new born weighs around 7-8lbs which is * Around 18-22 inches long with legs extended. By the end of pregnancy, the uterus has expanded from a woman’s pelvis to the bottom of her rib cage. Pregnancy symptoms in the tenth month largely depend on when the fetus drops down into lower part of the uterus in the pelvis. Shortness of breath, heartburn, and constipation usually improve when the fetus drops. But the position of the fetus lower in the pelvis causes frequent urination and trouble holding urine. The cervix will begin to open — dilate — to prepare for delivery. This may happen a few weeks before delivery, or it might start when a woman goes into labor. A woman may feel sharp pains in her vagina as the cervix dilates. After the newborn is delivered, the placenta and other tissues also come out of the woman’s body. This is called the afterbirth. For the first couple of days after giving birth, Tommys mother can feel the top of your uterus at or a few finger widths below the level of your belly button. In a week, her uterus weighs a little over a pound – half of what it weighed just after she gave birth. After two weeks, it’s down to a mere 11 ounces and located entirely within her pelvis. By about four weeks, it should be close to its pre-pregnancy weight of 3. 5 ounces or less. This process is called involution of the uterus. Even after her uterus shrinks back into her pelvis, you may continue to look somewhat pregnant for several weeks or longer. That’s because her abdominal muscles get stretched out during pregnancy, and it will take time – and regular exercise – to get your belly back in shape. 0-3 years physical development motor control develops from the head and moves down through the arms and the bottom and then to the legs and feet. Initial movements are reflexive in nature, such as turning the head to the side when the cheek is stroked; this then leads to feeding. Motor skills are related to the growing ability to observe and interact with the environment. According to the healthy children American website, a baby turns its head from side to side when lying on their back or belly and brings both hands together at the chest or mouth at 1 month of age. 3-6 months physical development At 3 months of age, an infant progresses at lifting the head and chest up when lying on its belly and may press up with its arms. At 3 months old, Tommy should beable to kick his legs when lying on his belly or back. Also at this age, Tommy should beable to play with soft toys that are required for his age. Tommy will have a sharp grasp with his hands so he can hold objects such as toys securely (if small). According to the healthy children American website, between 3 and 4 months Tommy begins rolling from his belly to his back and then back to belly around 6 months old. 6-12 months old physical development The average age at which an infact sits without support is 6 months old, so by the time tommy is this age he should be able to do this. Standing with support, Tommy should beable to do this roughly at 7. 6 months (according to healthy children American website). Infants in the study, crawl on hands and knees at 8. 5 months, walking with assistance occurs usually at 9. 2 months. The average age for a baby to walk alone is 11 months. 12-24 months old physical development. The world health organization study notes that a young toddler like Tommy can take two-three steps alone around 12 months. Also they start to walk without support across a room with stopping or changing direction between 13-15 months. Around 18 months of age Tommy will be kicking and throwing balls, running, climbing stairs with assistance and playing with scooters with confidence. 24-36 months old physical development Between the ages of 2 and 3, balance improves and tommy walks with a smoother pattern. During this time tommy may be able to balance on 1 foot, walk backwards and walk on tiptoes. Usually around 24 months, tommy starts to jump over obstacles around 36 months. At 24 months tommy can climb a small ladder and go down a small slide. Around 35 months, Tommy can confidently go around a playground, trying out all the playground climbing frames. Also ride a bike suitable for his age or scooter. 0-3 months intellectual development Around this stage of life, theres not much intellectual about Tommy, Its usually about the relationship between him and his parents. When tommy first opened his eyes, he would just stare a lot at whats around him. He fixates on objects around him that usually move, around 12 inches from his face. At this stage Tommy will begin to know who his parents are and distinguish their faces from strangers faces. He will also beable to exhibit sense of size, colour and shape recognition. 4-8 months intellectual development At this stage of Tommy’s life intellectual development, his starts to handle and explore objects, such as feel, taste and smell objects. Such as cuddly toys. They also start to explore their surroundings like their home and who lives with him. At this stage his starts to point and use it as a sign of communication if he wants something. Tommy may show signs of fear, for example falling. He may start to imitate actions such as â€Å"pat-a-cake’’. He also may want to play games repetitively and only likes one toy or book to look at once. 8-12 months intellectual development At this stage, Tommy may start gesturing by giving a wave to say goodbye or lowing kisses. He may also start to copy relatives and mimic movements, for example dancing and clapping. Also at this stage tommy can start to recognize facial features, such as eyes, nose, ears and mouth. He might also beable to identify objects such as books, balls and animals. Tommy may also like to do things intent ionally for reaction, such as dropping toys. Tommy at this stage may show a memory of short term which is perfectly normal. 12-24 months intellectual development At this stage of development tommy may start to have his own imagination especially during play time, so he may start to move things around the floor. He also may start to potty train and understand when he needs to go toilet. Tommy may start to show an understanding of shapes and colours and start to colour and draw himself with crayons and paints. With memory skills, these will show an increase as he gets older and as the brain develops properly. 24-36 months intellectual development At this stage of tommys intellectual development he can speak fully and show an understanding of what others are saying to him and what he might ask him to do. He may start to development in comparing objects to others such as ‘little’, ‘bigger’, or ‘really big’. He may also start to count up to ten or maybe more. Tommy may start to match pictures and objects and start to play- act thoughts, for example tommy may start to pretend to be a dinosaur. He may also start to learn how to share and use terms such as please and thank you. 0-3 months emotional and social development At this stage of tommys social and emiontal development, he may start off by being attached to parents or carers. At the first few weeks of Tommys life he may tend to be used to the people around him, so the cloest, he will be attached quicker. He may also enjoy being held or cuddled. He may also express discomfort, enjoyment or unhappiness. He may also entertain himself by playing with fingers, watching the t. v such as programs that consist of movement and bright colours. 4-8 months social and emotional development At this stage of Tommys life he may have shown full attachment to either his mother/father or carer, he may also develop a sense of security and trust with parents or carer, he may also show preference and reaction of separation from his mother/father or carer. This way he may show different responds to facial expressions and sounds. He may love to be picked up, held and cuddled by parents or relatives. He may start to hear himself at this stage and start to make loud noises, laugh and smile. To communicate he ay cry and he may seek attention. 8-12 months social and emotional development When Tommy is a really young baby he shows full attachment to his parents which is immediate, that way he may also always want to be near them or in their sight, showing this he may begin to show fear to strangers. He may also start to be emotionally attached to something socialable like a t. program, blanket or a toy. He also may start to enjoy going out and being socialable for example, going shopping or going to the park. 12-24 months social and emotional development At this stage of social and emotion development Tommy may start to develop a sense of humor and start to love being in the center of attention. He may also start to show selfishness and begin not to share his toys with other friends. With Tommy he lives with his p arents so he may start to copy their daily activities such as driving, reading, cooking, hugging and blowing kisses. At this stage Tommy will start to try new things every day, show jealousy towards his parents and get frustrated really easy. 24-36 months social and emotional development As a child gets older, their emotional and social development gets a lot more interesting. Tommy my start to get confident and except new people and start to talk to them but also if they still have that full attachment to their parents, they may start to show shyness to around new people. If he gets upset, he may start to pull hair, kick, slap or bite other children. Also he may start to show some patients on the other hand. Around places, objects, certain people he may start to show dislike. He may be more sensitive around people and if they cry he may turn it into a tantrum. 4-9 years growth development Between the ages of 4 and 9 children may begin to look thinner, this is because they grow increasingly but their fact accumulation is staying relatively the same. By the time Amy is 6 years old, North Dakota state university that they begin to proportion a lot better and her centre of gravity will be centrally located. She is likely to experience a growth spurt between the ages of 6-8 and may notice hair begins to grow darker. Nutrition intake and genetics are big factors when it comes to her growth at this stage. 4-5 years growth development At 4 years of age, Amy will fully develop hand-eye co-ordination, that will allow her to play with objects that have smaller perplexed parts to them. Amy will show that shes energetic most of the time and prefer running and jumping, by the age of 5, she will beable to catch a ball, throw a ball over her head, hop on one foot, walk up and down the stairs alone and hold cutlery properly with 3 fingers rather than her whole fist. -7 years growth development Shortly after 5 years, Amy will beable to skip and have the ability to bounce a ball and skate. By the age of 7 she should be able to ride a bike, draw shapes and patterns. Also Amy maybe beable to use a comb in her hair, brush her own teeth and also tie her own hair up in a pony tail. Also at this stage she will beable to do simple household tasks such as making her bed, tidying up after herself. At school she may sh ow a development in playing musical instruments. 7-9 years growth development Between the ages of 7 and 9, Amy will beable to identify herself during school or things they take part in. Amy will be able to recognize herself, such as at school, either being an athlete or artist. This is influenced from teachers at school, parents or siblings. By this time, amy is capable to kick, throw and roll, which makes them able to take part in organized sports at school such as football, hockey and rounder’s. Intellectual development 4 – 9 years Around 4 years of ages Amys development of intelligence is still very simple but getting more and more intelligent by the days. Amy should be asking a lot of questions around 5-6 years old such as ‘why is the sky blue? ’, ‘why do birds have feathers? ’. Amy will begin to ask more and more questions every day but this is the development of a milestone. Around this stage of 5 years, amy will start to recognize familiar colours and understand the idea of same and different, pretend and fantasize more creatively, she will be able to remember parts of stories, understand times of the day, count and understand the concept, sort objects by shape and colour, complete puzzles, recognize different shapes and colours. Five years and above, Amy will start to development more sophisticated thinking and learning abilities. Children around 7-9 year often think in very concrete ways, needing hands-on examples to improve their understanding. They often can not change the rules of a game to make it more fun, for example because they perceive rules to be firm and rigid. As children’s minds mature like Amy, she will development more flexible in their thinking. Children in this age group are capable of more abstract thought aswel. Emotional and social development 4-9 years Four year olds are moving out into the world and can usually play happily with other children and enjoy lots of physical games aswel as tell stories. As Amy gets to between 5 and 6 years old, she may then start to learn about the feelings and needs of others and can share their toys plus take turns, at least some of the times. In some stages of Amy’s life can get jealous of her parents relationship. This is where the often development of the game ‘mummies and daddies’ comes from, this is a well-known game for children to grow up on. Playing games such as ‘mummies and daddies’ allows her to try out various adult roles in life. Around 6-7 years, children begin to actually learn new things and experience learning new things at school so they develop a sense of eagerness in themselves. They generally prefer structured activities to more open-ended experiences. Amy may wonder about the world and ask a lot of ‘what if? ’ questions. Pretend play means a lot to Amy at this stage in her child hood because they develop a strong imagination and involve others like friends at school. Around 8 and 9 years, children such as Amy start to involve more people in their lives, for example at school, amy may start to have best friends and play with other children with the same gender. As amy grows older she grows out of being self-centered as should be at around 5 years old because she has matured. Also around this stage amy will begin to understand other peoples views and can imagine themselves in situations of other friends experiences. Physical development 10 -18 years (adolescence) 10-11 years physical development Physical development around this time it’s the start of many different experiences for young children and teenagers. For girls between the ages of 11 and 13, it may sometimes begin earlier for some children; puberty begins. Girls usually start around 2 years before boys. Boys usually start between the ages of 13 and 15 years. Puberty is an important stage for abbey because it prepares the body for sexual reproduction. It is all started by the hormones and controlled but the sexual development. Around the teen years, girls and boys will experience a definite growth spurt. 12-14 years physical development round this physical development of life for teenagers, its all about the development of puberty, for girls around abbeys age, around the breast area they begin to be quite painful because they are beginning to develop. Usually around 13 years of age, Abbey may have started her menstrual cycle and public hair has developed. For boys on the other hand, testicular growth begins, t he voice changes, pubic hair develops and they may start to experience â€Å"wet dreams†. 15-17 years physical development around this age, Abbey would of completed the physical changes related to puberty by the age of 15. Boys are still developing around this age, maturing and gaining strength. Muscle mass develops and they are completing the development of sexual traits. Around 15-17 years, oily skin may appear which turns into acne. Hair has grown under the armpits. Breasts have developed but still maybe growing. Abbey may have developed a curvy outline to her hips which is caused from fat deposition. Internally wise, primary sexual organs grow such as uterus and vagina, ovulation and menstruation has fully developed, and lastly public hair has grown. 18 years physical development Around 18 years, many of the major changes for growth in puberty have completed by this age, in boys and girls. They are still growing but major changes have developed. For boys around 18 years, facial hair has grown on the face, hair is also under the armpits, testes have produced sperm. The voice box, which is called the larynx, has broken and the voice has developed deeper. The prostate gland produces secretions, and the penis has enlarged. Intellectual development 10-18 years. Between the ages of 10 and 13 years, preteens start to experience â€Å"stressful† imes at school or high school because they are having their first â€Å"exams†. Preteens around this stage develop abstract thoughts usually by the age of 13. Between the ages of 11-14 years, they are still concrete thinkers- they perceive things as good and bag and whats wrong and rights. They are just beginning to imagine possibilities, recognize consequences of their actions and anticipate what others are thi nking. Anxiety enters their lifes and may cause major distractions interfering with abstract thinking. Teenagers may show an interest in ideas, ideals, values and social issues. Around 15 and 16, at this stage they show a well better established abstract thinking at school and in any other situations that may occur. Around this age Abbey may start to make applications to her own current and future situations and social situations. As abbey progresses in life, abilities to abstract thinking develop better and problem-solving skills increased by demands at school and college. Preteens and teens tend to think things wont happen to them, this explains why they are risk-takers. Also they believe they are the center of attention, for example, abbey may have a pimple on her forehead, this is making her life hell right now. This explains why teenagers are terribly self-conscious. Social and emotional development 10-18 years Around this stage of Abbeys teenage life, she begins to spend more time with her friends and less time in home and with her family. Abbey will start to form her own identity around 12-13 years and try different clothes, hair styles, friends, music and hobbies. This will then progress and carry on throughout her teenage life. Preteens like abbey around 13-14, push limits that adults put on them to assert their independence, preteens and teenagers like Abbey around 14 and 15 may start to develop more moody moods and start to express mixed feelings about â€Å"breaking away† from parents. Troubled youth may act out (for example, get into physical fights, use alcohol or other drugs, skip school) to express emotional pain. Physical development 19-65 years Adults in this age have to be very careful because there are many different age related changes to become as Denise grows up. Some individuals, not so much Denise have to wear glasses for reading and writing. Some adults like denise may start to lose there hearing in later adult hood. Adults tend to have some changes in hair colour, it may start to turn grey. Men sometimes start to lose there hair around 35 to 45 years old, around 45, women start their menopause. Young adults start to see and maybe feel their physical changes between the ages of 18-28. Adults are still fit and healthy at young adult hood stage but not as fit as they used to be. Around the ages of 30, adults may start to feel that their fitness, speed and strength has decreased. Some adults still go to the gym in their middle adulthood stages to keep feeling healthy and fit. Early adulthood Early adult hood is the first stage of adulthood in which the body physically changes. In this stage, denise may have continued to add abit of height and weight to her late teenage frame come into her adult hood. The body continues to undergo significant hormonal changes. In menm their heard may grow a little thick, the voice may become slightly more deepeer and richer. Early adulthood is the period when women have children, so this is the time denise would of gained abit of weight and breast development would of completed. Middle adulthood Middle adulthood is the second stage of adulthood in which one of the most noticeable changes is loss of elasticity in the skin, especially in the face. This results to wrinkles and lines in the skin, this then shows denise â€Å"aging†. Men usually gain weight around the stomach and women gain weight around the hips and legs. Strength and flexibility both decrease in both genders. Women usually experience hormonal changes during this period that result in rhe loss of ability to reproduce, this then is called the menopause. Both genders experience graying of the hair or the hair may start to thin out. Later adulthood Late adulthood is the final stage of physical change, the skin continues to lose elasticity as it started in middle adulthood and the result is deeper lines and wrinkles, age spots or brown spots often form. Eye sight deteriorates, which causes them to need stronger glasses. Reaction time slows down and appetitive may also slow down. Intellectual development 19-65 years Intellectual development may increase in this age group. Some older adults like Denise may have a slower reaction to things but increase in knowledge may give back for this in many work situations. Older adults are more skilled then younger adults and teengers when it comes to complex decisions. Adults like Denise are typically more focused in specific directions, having gained insight and understanding from life events that teenagers and young adults have not yet experienced. No longer viewing the world from an absolute and fixed perspective, middle adults have learned how to make compromises, question the establishment, and work through disputes. In recent years, colleges and universities have reported an increased enrollment of adult learners—students age 25 or older. Of course, labeling this age group as adult learners is not to imply that the typical college student is not also an adult. Academic institutions typically identify those outside the 18–21 range as adults, because most have been working and rearing families for some time before deciding to enter or reenter college. Compared with younger students, adult learners may also have special needs: anxiety or low self-confidence about taking classes with younger adults, feelings of academic isolation and alienation, fears of not fitting in, or difficulties juggling academic, work, and domestic schedules. Adults most often choose to go to college for work-related purposes. Many employers require workers to attain certain levels of education in order to qualify for promotions. Other workers go to college to learn new skills in preparation for another career. Additionally, certain organizations, such as state licensing boards, may require professionals to have a certain number of continuing education hours each year to maintain their licenses. Finally, adults may also return to college simply for personal enrichment. Social and emotional 18-65 years Young adults like Denise face some difficult developmental tasks. Denise maybe at the beginning of this stage is concerned with beginning a career. They may be studying to gain the serious qualifications, or training at the entry level of an organization. Some will not be so lucky. In many countries, youth unemployment rates have been very high during the last century and appear set to continue. Studying, employment and unemployment each presents its stresses. At the same time, young adults tend to be finding their way through the world of romance, which can also lead to stress and anguish. All of this happens alongside changes in relation- ships with parents, and the increasing expectation that the young person will take responsibility for her own life – including, perhaps, a shift to a new home. It would be an unusual person like denise indeed who proceeded through these developmental tasks without at least occasionally wondering who she is, or who she is becoming, and how she is faring compared to her peers. For most people, facing these issues brings a range of emotional reactions. Physical changes 65+ During late adulthood, the senses begin to dull. With age, the lenses of the eye discolor and become rigid, interfering with the perception of color and distance and the ability to read. Without corrective glasses, nearly half the elderly population would be legally blind. Hearing also diminishes, especially the ability to detect high-pitched sounds. As a result, the elderly may develop suspiciousness or even a mild form of paranoia to not being able to hear well. They may attribute bad intentions to those whom they believe are whispering or talking about them, rather than correctly attributing their problems to bad hearing. Hearing problems can be corrected with hearing aids, which are widely available. The sense of taste remains fairly intact into old age, even though the elderly may have difficulty distinguishing tastes within blended foods. By old age, however, the sense of smell shows a marked decline. Both of these declines in sensation may be due to medications, such as antihypertensive, as well as physical changes associated with old age. Intellectual development 65+ Some old people decide to retire some carry on working. However they still contribute in a good way to society as many of them give a positive view and things and are good role models to others. They give wise advice to people and people learn from it, during this age they may also enjoy playing board games or meeting other people their age. Many older adults complain about not being able to remember things as well as they once could. Memory problems seem to be due to sensory storage problems in the short-term rather than long-term memory processes. That is, older adults tend to have much less difficulty recalling names and places from long ago than they do acquiring and recalling new information. Studies have shown that practice and repetition may help minimize the weakening of memory and other cognitive functions. Researchers have found that older adults can improve their scores on assorted tests of mental abilities with only a few hours of training. Working puzzles, having hobbies, learning to use a computer, and reading are a few examples of activities or approaches to learning that can make a difference in older adults’ memory and cognitive functions. Emotional and social development 65 + After this age the older people may start feeling upset because of their age and may feel that there’s no point of being in society because they are not able to do things. They will start getting mixed emotions. However many might feel happy as they will have more free time and spend it with family. Reference: Healthy Children- physical development of school ages children. Bodycenter. com, parenting. com and cliffsnotes. com How to cite P1- Health and Social Care Life Stages, Essay examples

Technology for specialty education Essay Example For Students

Technology for specialty education Essay We live in an era where computers are used in most peoples everyday life. Technology has achieved remarkable progress and with this knowledge its time that important issues are addressed. Homelessness, abortion, taxes, and welfare reform are a few examples of the humanitarian issues Im talking about. But, the most important issue is education. Because everything we do begins with learning. We learn from our parents and siblings but, more importantly, the education we receive in school is where the learning really begins. We must place emphasis on programs in our Exceptional Student Education programs (more commonly referred to as Special Education) in our country. These programs are imperative for the enhancement and achievements of students in special education. Exceptional Student Education or Special Education is instruction that is specially designed to meet the unique needs of children who have disabilities. This is done at no cost to the parents. Special education can include special instruction in the classroom, at home, in hospitals, or other institutions. We will write a custom essay on Technology for specialty education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Over 5 million children ages 6 through 21 receive special education and related services each year in the United States. Each of these children receives instruction that is specially designed: to meet the childs unique needs (that result from having a disability); and to help the child learn the information and skills that other children are learning (Questions often asked by Parents about Special Education Services, 1999). Its time that more consideration is given to exceptional students who have disabilities and/or medical conditions that prevent them from performing to societys standards. We must educate every one of these individuals and use any and all resources that are available to help them to grow to be an independent individual. We need to educate our exceptional students by todays standards as well as educate for tomorrows living. The answer is computer technology. One of the most difficult challenges faced by teachers today is educating students who have physical, language, or learning disabilities to achieve outcomes, or standards, expected of all students. Nationally, there is a strong push for higher standards of learning. As states and schools implement these standards, they face the challenge of ensuring that they include all students, particularly students with disabilities who are often excluded from these types of educational initiatives. Language arts or learning to communicate effectively in written format is one of the most critical prerequisites for school success. It is also one of the most demanding tasks that students, with or without disabilities, are asked to undertake. As a consequence, many children with developmental disabilities experience significant difficulties learning to read and write. For those same students, obtaining an equal education in mathematics is hampered by the lack of adapted math curricula (Metheny, Rick, 1997). The most important factor in deciding a childs educational needs are his/her parents. After all, parents know what his/her childs needs are and they are the best source for the teachers in order to develop an effective Individualized Education Program (IEP). Effective special education programs plan for student transition. Transition should not be a concept reserved only for older students. Transition is a process and includes moving from one program to another, such as: early childhood to elementary school; elementary to middle; high school to postsecondary; or special class to less restrictive setting. What is taught and how it is taught is the crux of effective education. Effective special education includes making decisions about instructional content that reflect the longer-term goals for the student and promote his/or maximum achievement and integration (McLaughlin, Margaret, 1993). Parents need to know and must seek advice from sources to find out what individual education program is appropriate to their own particular instance. This is where parents and the education process need more structuring. If youre a parent, as I am, of a disabled child you may already realize that an IEP is mainly decided by the parent, the childs special education teacher, and others who are directly involved. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and IEP are programs that work together. .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 , .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .postImageUrl , .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 , .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349:hover , .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349:visited , .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349:active { border:0!important; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349:active , .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349 .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bf1adeea1a227b02d1584638c5d2349:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay About Rock Music This law was enacted to ensure that all children with disabilities would have a free, appropriate public education available to them that would meet their unique needs (General Information . Technology For Specialty Education Essay Example For Students Technology For Specialty Education Essay Technology and Special Education We live in an era where computers are used in most peoples everyday life. Technology has achieved remarkable progress and with this knowledge its time that important issues are addressed. Homelessness, abortion, taxes, and welfare reform are a few examples of the humanitarian issues Im talking about. But, the most important issue is education. Because everything we do begins with learning. We learn from our parents and siblings but, more importantly, the education we receive in school is where the learning really begins. We must place emphasis on programs in our Exceptional Student Education programs (more commonly referred to as Special Education) in our country. These programs are imperative for the enhancement and achievements of students in special education. Exceptional Student Education or Special Education is instruction that is specially designed to meet the unique needs of children who have disabilities. This is done at no cost to the parents. Special education can include special instruction in the classroom, at home, in hospitals, or other institutions. We will write a custom essay on Technology For Specialty Education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Over 5 million children ages 6 through 21 receive special education and related services each year in the United States. Each of these children receives instruction that is specially designed: to meet the childs unique needs (that result from having a disability); and to help the child learn the information and skills that other children are learning (Questions often asked by Parents about Special Education Services, 1999). Its time that more consideration is given to exceptional students who have disabilities and/or medical conditions that prevent them from performing to societys standards. We must educate every one of these individuals and use any and all resources that are available to help them to grow to be an independent individual. We need to educate our exceptional students by todays standards as well as educate for tomorrows living. The answer is computer technology. One of the most difficult challenges faced by teachers today is educating students who have physical, language, or learning disabilities to achieve outcomes, or standards, expected of all students. Nationally, there is a strong push for higher standards of learning. As states and schools implement these standards, they face the challenge of ensuring that they include all students, particularly students with disabilities who are often excluded from these types of educational initiatives. Language arts or learning to communicate effectively in written format is one of the most critical prerequisites for school success. It is also one of the most demanding tasks that students, with or without disabilities, are asked to undertake. As a consequence, many children with developmental disabilities experience significant difficulties learning to read and write. For those same students, obtaining an equal education in mathematics is hampered by the lack of adapted math curricula (Metheny, Rick, 1997). The most important factor in deciding a childs educational needs are his/her parents. After all, parents know what his/her childs needs are and they are the best source for the teachers in order to develop an effective Individualized Education Program (IEP). Effective special education programs plan for student transition. Transition should not be a concept reserved only for older students. Transition is a process and includes moving from one program to another, such as: early childhood to elementary school; elementary to middle; high school to postsecondary; or special class to less restrictive setting. What is taught and how it is taught is the crux of effective education. Effective special education includes making decisions about instructional content that reflect the longer-term goals for the student and promote his/or maximum achievement and integration (McLaughlin, Margaret, 1993). Parents need to know and must seek advice from sources to find out what individual education program is appropriate to their own particular instance. This is where parents and the education process need more structuring. If youre a parent, as I am, of a disabled child you may already realize that an IEP is mainly decided by the parent, the childs special education teacher, and others who are directly involved. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and IEP are programs that work together. .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a , .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .postImageUrl , .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a , .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a:hover , .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a:visited , .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a:active { border:0!important; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a:active , .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u595ffc6dcd722d75748ae68ba65a768a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pirates of Globalization Essay This law was enacted to ensure that all children with disabilities would have a free, appropriate public education available to them that would meet their unique .

1984 Book Report Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Proles, Julia

1984 Book Report Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Proles, Julia 1984 Book Report 1984 -George Orwell SUNDAY, NOV 14, 1993 Summary Chapter 1 and 2 We are introduced to Winston Smith the main character of the story. Works at Ministry of truth. Ministry of truth is one of four government buildings in destroyed London, the main city of Airstrip One, a province of Oceania. Year is 1984 and three contries are at war, Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia. Oceania is run by the party whose leader is Big Brother. Winston is sick of his life in the ruined city and decides to keep a diary. This is against the law in Oceania. He felt his feelings begin to hate Emmanuel Goldstein, leader of the enemy party. He also spots O'Brien, a party leader whose eyes he see's a bit of political sympthy. See's young girl who he dislikes. He feels it is only a matter of time before his though crimes are detected. A knock at the door he thinks is police. Mrs. Parsons, his neighbor is at the door and asked him to unclog a sink. He does it but smells sweat all over the apartment. Mrs. Parsons is a f ollower of party doctrine and a fellow employee at the ministry. The children are members of Spies, a youth that encourages spying and telling on traitors, including parents. Winston is revolted. He returns home and writes a couple more minutes before going back to work. He remenbers a dream where O'Brien tole him he would meet him in a place wher there is no darkness. He washes his hands and hides the diary Reaction Major ideas, conflicts and themes are introduced. We are shown how the earth has changed, into 3 main contenients. we are also introduced to the main character and how he fits into the new world. Also we are shown how the computer age has taken over peoples minds. The language is easy to understand, it has not really changed much over time. Seems like nothing left after nuclear war, just ruins remaining. We are introduced to Tom Parsons which Winston is contrasted with. The city is very drab. Quotes Big brother is watching you, the caption beneath it said Thoughtcrime w as not a thing that could be concealed for ever. 1984 -George Orwell MONDAY, NOV 15, 1993 Summary Chapter 3,4 and 5 Waking from dreams, he remembers his mother and sister, and can barely remember their disappearence and feels responsible for there deaths. He has another dream where he is in the perfect countryside with the girl he had noticed eariler. He dreamed she stripped for him. This time he is woken up by the telescreen, telling him to do his exercises. He thinks about how much power the Party has over all information. Begins work at the ministry of truth. His job is to correct printed articles in line with the Party's orders. The Ministry and records department jobs are to rewrite history to make the party look good. They get a break because of the 2 minute hate. When he gets back he replaces a speech by Big Brother with invented history. Makes up story about a man named Ogilvy. The article had become contrary to the present party policy. It is replaced as though is never exi sted. Winston meets Syme, a philologist, for lunch. Syme explains parts about Newspeak. They are joined by Parsons. Winston thinks of the fate that each co-worker will recieve. Syme will be vapourized because he is to smart, where Parsons is dull enough to escape vapourization. He is the only one who has not been taken over by the propaganda that is always being brodcast. He notices the same girl from the other day starring at him and thinks it is the thought police. Reaction The Golden country that he dreams about is definatly a release or a freedom from the the drabness of London. Also from the party. We are introduced to the fact that he has no mother or father or sisters or brothers anymore because they were taken by the party. He is realizing that he is rebelling against the party and he understands that he is at risk. Winston is in search of the truth and

Wound vs. Injury

Wound vs. Injury Wound vs. Injury Wound vs. Injury By Maeve Maddox A reader questions the media’s use of injury and wound as if they were interchangeable: I had always thought that to wound describes the deliberate infliction of an injury, while the injury itself could be the result of an accident.   If this is still the case, could you address the confusion. In modern usage, the noun wound [WOOND] refers to any injury that tears the flesh. The verb to wound [WOOND], however, retains its earliest meaning: â€Å"to inflict a deliberate injury that tears the flesh.† For example, a police officer who is shot or stabbed by a perpetrator has been wounded. A fireman who suffers lacerations from being struck by falling debris has been injured. Both the officer and the firefighter have wounds on their bodies, but only the officer was wounded. Likewise, soldiers are wounded by roadside bombs, but construction workers are injured in accidents. The difference is that the wounds suffered by the soldiers are the result of malicious intent, whereas the construction workers received their wounds as the result of accident. In addition to their literal meanings, both noun and verb have acquired figurative uses. For example, an insult may be said to wound the recipient. I am very sorry if I wounded your feelings this afternoon; it was wholly unintentional, I assure you. Narcissism usually starts with a significant emotional wound or a series of them culminating in a major trauma of separation/attachment.   The verb wound, documented in English from 760, predates the noun wound by about 150 years. The earliest documentation of the noun injury is from 1382. In the 15th century, injury was used both as a noun and as a verb, but by the end of the 17th century, the verb form injure had become established. The earliest meaning of the noun injury is â€Å"hurt or loss caused to or sustained by a person or thing.† Synonyms for this type of injury are harm, detriment, and damage. The verb that developed from injury meant, â€Å"to do injustice or wrong to a person.† Only later did the idea of bodily harm become as closely associated with the words injury and injure as it is now. The word wound carries an emotional connotation that injury and injure lack. A false report might injure a person’s career, but wound a person’s feelings. Injure is more or less emotionally neutral, but wound suggests strong emotions of distress or anguish. The following words are options for describing wound in the sense of a break in the flesh: lesion cut gash laceration tear slash graze scratch abrasion bruise contusion The following words are options for wound in the context of emotional injury: insult blow slight offense affront hurt damage pain distress grief anguish torment Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People15 Great Word GamesPlurals of Proper Names

Madison Environmental Justice Organization Essay

Madison Environmental Justice Organization - Essay Example The Madison environmental justice organization is located at Madison in the United States of America. The broader Madison area covers Dane County which has four freshwater lakes in Dane County called the Yahara Lakes. Madison lakes are used for the purpose fishing in large scale by ‘thousands of recreational, subsistence, and ice anglers’ from Madison and surrounding areas (About MEJO). The Madison environmental justice program creates awareness within the community about issues regarding environmental justice, guides in facilitating the abilities of communities to publicize these issues, and provides support to the cause of environmental justice for well-being of the general public. The Madison environmental justice organization has been working with people of color and low-income residents for more than two years, discussing and addressing issues regarding toxins in locally caught fish, and learning about the cultural practices regarding fishing and preparing and eating fish. The local air and water pollution has a disproportionate impact on the people belonging to poor and minor communities. This issue is not being addressed by the institutions or the community as a whole. Madison environment justice organization aims to change this (About MEJO). The Madison environmental justice organization was founded in the year 2006. The prime objective and mission of the organization is to educate the community regarding the issues of environmental justice, engage in work to address the critical issues of environmental justice.... The Madison environmental justice organization has been working with people of color and low-income residents for more than two years, discussing and addressing issues regarding toxins in locally caught fish, and learning about the cultural practices regarding fishing and preparing and eating fish. The local air and water pollution has a disproportionate impact on the people belonging to poor and minor communities. This issue is not being addressed by the institutions or the community as a whole. Madison environment justice organization aims to change this (About MEJO). Organization’s history and mission The Madison environmental justice organization was founded in the year 2006. The prime objective and mission of the organization is to educate the community regarding the issues of environmental justice, engage in work to address the critical issues of environmental justice, and support the cause for the benefit of the common people. The organization has been working with peop le of color and low-income people for more than two years, regarding the issue of high toxic level in the fishes that are caught in the local lakes by the members of the community (Powell and Powell, 1). The programs that the organization is currently working on The Madison environmental justice organization has its prime focus presently on the rising toxic levels at the waters of Madison’s north side. It is entrusted with the duty to control the spreading of the toxins, and to spread awareness amongst the local people of the community, as they are engrossed in fishing activities and their diet also includes fishes obtained from the local water. The main purpose of the project is to engage in work activity with minority people and the subsistence anglers to gain knowledge about fishing

The Life of Wilma Rudolph Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life of Wilma Rudolph - Term Paper Example In 1952, Wilma who had contracted poliomyelitis eventually recovered from the debilitating virus. Poliomyelitis was subsequently eliminated from the United States when Dr. Jonas Salk created the polio vaccine in 1955 (Smith 2). Wilma started wearing a steel brace on her left leg when she was five. She felt psychologically devastated wearing the brace. At age six, her mother noticed that home exercises were not improving her mobility; thus, she took Wilma to Meharry Hospital, the Black medical college of Fisk University in Nashville. In Meharry Hospital, Wilma received heat, water, and massage treatments, supplemented by an exercise routine at home. Two years later, with the help of a metal leg brace, Wilma was able to walk again. Remarkably by age 12, Wilma no longer needed the aid of crutches, brace, or any corrective shoes in walking. The childhood illnesses made it impossible for Wilma to study. Therefore, her mother tutored her at home with basic academic fundamentals.   Howeve r, she felt the need to conquer physical restrictions and enrolled in the local, segregated Burt High School. It was there she discovered her athletic abilities, following the example of her older sister who was a member of the basketball team. Edward Temple, a renowned track coach of Tennessee State University, noticed Wilma and asked her to attend the university’s summer sports camp. Without hesitation, she accepted the offer and Wilma started to make her mark on the basketball court and the track (Smith 13). Wilma practiced with the Tennessee State University team and attended Temple’s daily college practices while still a student at Burt.   Eventually, she entered Tennessee State University as a full-time scholarship student. During the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, Wilma, who was only 16 then, received her first bronze medal as a member of the 4 X 100 relay team.   In 1960 Olympics, in Rome, she won in the 100-meter and 200-meter dash and together wit h her team; they beat the Germans in the 4 X 100 relay. Consequently, she became the first American woman to be a recipient of three gold medals in the international meeting (Smith 55). The 1960 Olympic Games were the first to be televised and Wilma’s victories and inspirational story of overcoming the physical and societal barriers inspired and encourage a lot of people, particularly women who exhibited increasing interests in the track and field event (Smith 55).

Child abuse: Cause and effects

Child abuse: Cause and effects Child Abuse Cause and Effects Abstract Child abuse is one of major problem faced by many children around the world and its take the attention of all nations. Children can be abused by different people like parents, strangeness, and member of their families, teachers and other children at school or in the community. Regardless who are the abusers, causes and effects are all same like any other abuse. Child abuse can be categorized into four types: physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Each type has different causes and different effects on child life and on the community. In this paper I will highlight the causes and effects of it .The causes can be due to poverty, family stress, abuse of substances (drugs, alcohol ) and psychological problems. The effects depend on the type of the cause and it can be divided into three categories which can be seen in the individual and reflect in the community. These are Emotional effects, physical effects and behavioral effects. Treatment of child abuse after the recognition of the causes and its effect is important and before that the prevention or stopping it is the chief of all. There are several clear steps everybody especially the family need or must to follow it. Child Abuse Cause and Effects Children are a gift from Goad to every parents dreaming of having a child. They have the right to be loved and treated will, unfortunately; still there are those who are suffering from abuse in the extremely sense of the word. It is also difficult to imagine that any person would purposely cause harm on any child .The word abuse is define as make a bad or wrong use of (Oxford Advanced, Learner Dictionary, 1977, P.4) and a child is defined by the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) as Every human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable under the child majority is attained earlier.Barent Barnet stated , Much as we might like to believe otherwise, child abuse is wide-spread.(Barent Barnet,1998) (P1207). There are several terms used by different agencies regarding child abuse. The United state Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child abuse or maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other car egiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Child Maltreatment: Definitions, ,April 20, 2009, para.1). Moreover, some child development experts simply they define child abuse as any act which fails to take care of the children. At present the rate of child abuse incidents increased rapidly and continuing and each child around the world in spite of his /her age, sex, race and religion can fall victim for abuse from the strangers or from member of his/her family. According to Child Protective Service agencies, state in 2001 probable 3 million children were reported as suspected victims of abuse and neglect. They reported that young children are most at risk for being abuse or neglect, and 40% of the victims are under the age of 6 years too (Barent Barnet, 1998) (P1207). Child abuse can include many types, has many causes and its affects the innocent children negatively and leaves deep and permanent marks on them. Child Abuse can happen because of poverty, family stress, abuse of substances (drugs, alcohol ) and psychological problems. Child abuses have different forms. It can be physical, emotional , sexual abuse and neglect. The abusers can be from family or a stranger and those are selected to express their difficulties or problems on the helpless children who are unable to defend themselves. The effects of any types of abuse what ever the cause is severe and various according to the form of abuse. It can be seen on the child, family and community. Causes of Child abuse There are several causes of child abuse. First cause is poverty. It happens when the family does not have the resources to provide or to meet the need of their family members especially children like food, proper dress, education .ect. In some poor countries, number of families tends to sail their children to rich people and some they make them to work in very young age or they just leave them in front of any orphaned door because they are unable to meet their need and this consider as abuse for them. Family as we know is considers as core of safety to all children and it is an important sour of love and care. Family problems are the second cause of child abuse, it can be due to divorce so the child will be separated from the family and because of that a lot of problems raised such as both parents asking for their right to take the child. Moreover, child abuse almost occurs in many families with abused parents were they abused before therefore they are reflecting that on their child ren. Some of the parents are young and they dont know how to deal with difficulties that they face when taken care of a child. The third cause of abuse results because the abusers are taken substances which make them unaware of them self or others around them. Substance abuse is become one of the main reasons for the increasing number of child abuse around the world. Through out different studies it was clear that parents with history of substance abuse, most commonly alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, were more likely to abuse their children. This substance can leads to developing abnormal behaviors by the abuser either they are from family or strangers. The last cause of child abuse can be psychological. Parents who do not have a support community of close friends or relatives living nearby may feel isolated. Some of the family members who are suffering from mental disorders tend to harm the child without knowing Forms of child abuse Child abuse can take different forms physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect as mention previously. Physical abuse includes scalding, beating or severe physical punishment and it is easiest to identify the dangers of physical abuse. Sexual abuse includes sexual assault, fondling of genital areas, and exposure to indecent acts or involvement in sexual pornography in the net or in some television channels. Sexual abusers steal from a child their childhood. Emotional abuse includes verbal abuse and unfair criticism, terrorizing acts, and lack of nurturance or emotional support. Child neglect can take on a number of different forms. For instance a childs nutritional needs can be ignored, resulting in a deficient diet and, in turn, a failure to thrive. This type of neglect is not necessarily done purposely and it may result because parents have lack of knowledge regarding a healthy diet or from poverty. Physical neglect results when a child is not provided with shelter a nd clothing. Neglect can also come in the form of inadequate medical care, lack of proper supervision, and lack of educational opportunities. Finally, neglect also includes inadequate emotional care, where a child experiences a continuous lack of response to his or her crying or any other behavior in need of a response. A UNICEF report on child well-being stated that the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among industrial nations with respect to the wellbeing of children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. The type of neglect experienced by children can be dependent on the culture in which child lives. For example, in India one problem still faced by many young women is marriage in small age and some time they are still children. Due to extreme poverty, many girls are consider as a financial burden to their families and are in turn forced to marry in e xchange for money. In some cases, young women are sold. As Segal (2001) notes, under both circumstances these children are inevitably physically abused. Based on the above child abuse with its various forms and causes it has several effects too. It can be short, and others are lifelong so it is differ according to the severity of the abuse and its type. Children with a history of abuse are at risk of developing psychiatric problems. Furthermore, new research linked between exposure to child abuse in all its forms and rates of many chronic conditions that adult develops. The strongest evidence comes from the Adverse Childhood Experiences like V. J. Felitti, MD Kaiser Permanente and R. F. Anda, series of studies which show relations between exposure to abuse or neglect and higher rates in adulthood of chronic conditions, high risk health behaviors and shortened live span. The effects of child abuse can be divided into three categories which can be seen in the individual and reflect in the community. These are Emotional effects, physical effects and behavioral. Starting with emotional effects which include low self-esteem, depression a nd anxiety, eating disorders, bad dreams; bed wetting, difficulties in building relationship, isolation, and personality disorders. Physical effects include life threatening injuries, death, lifelong health problems, difficulties in understanding, and physical disabilities. Finally, Behavioral effects that include problems in school the progress of mental development , criminal behavior, pregnancy of girls in small age, suicide attempts, substance abuse, aggressive behavior, abuse others and anger. In conclusion, it is clear that child abuse is a global problem. It occurs due to several causes which can be financial stress and poverty, adult use of alcohol and other drugs, parents are not having basic knowledge of child care and development. In addition adults can abuse children in different ways for example physically, emotionally, sexually and by neglect. So it is important or must be aware of the signs which may leads to abuse and detect it. These characteristic can appear in: Families who are isolated and not involve with the community. Parents who are having history of abused as children. Families who are most of the time facing money problems. Parents who abuse drugs or alcohol so they become impairment caused by being intoxicated. Parents who are very inflexible in disciplining their child. Parents who show too much or too little concern for their child. Parents who feel they have a difficult child. Parents who are under a lot of stress The effect of these problems are found in the child and then in the community as a result. The effects on a child depends on the degree of the abuse is, the greater the abuse, the greater the effect on the child. Abused children also exhibit conditions like difficulty in building up relationships with others so he/she will be isolated from community. A feeling of guilt and anger can be develop and may become abuser him/herself later in adult stage. It is clear that child abuse regardless of its cause leaves more than just bruises or words; it is a matter which needs a greatest attention since it involves the future generation of the world. Not only they will suffer from the physical and mental abuse, they suffer many long-term effects, including delays in developmental, refusal to attend school, separation from community and anxiety disorders. Even though, child abuse is still continuing and complex problem with many causes, we should not build a negative attitude toward its prevention. Therefore everybody responsible in stopping child abuse by reducing if not eliminating the causes yet we feel angry at abuser who can take away a spirit of a child. Around the world there are many agencies with different program trying their best to stop it. This can be done by adapting several plans for example: Preventing and treat individual with substance abuse Parents listening to their children and talk with them. Educating new parents on the parenting skills since Children need to know that they are special, loved and capable of following their dreams. Stopping child abuse when seeing it. Teaching the child the difference between acceptable and unacceptable touching, and to trust their instincts about people. Educating the parents about the signs of abuse so it will be easy to detect it. Children are an important element in any community; they desire a maximum love and care should be given to them without any restrictions. They are deserves a healthy, save childhood and the opportunity to grow up to normally and become contributing adult able to serve and build up a healthy community. We all want to protect them and guide them in the right direction. References Child Abuse Physical Abuse and Neglect, Psychological Maltreatment, Sexual Abuse. Retrieved December 18, 2009, from http://family .jarnk.org/pages/219/child-abuse.html Child Abuse. Retrieved December 18, 2009, from hptt://www.indianchild.com/child_abuse.htm-child Coon, D. (2004). Introduction to psychology, Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Tenth Edition ed.). Hornby, A. (1985). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Potts, N. L., L.Mandleco, B. (2007). Pediatr ic Nursing, caring for children and Their Families (Second Edition ed.). The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,Retrieved December 18,2009, from http://www.acestudy.org/ The Relationship between Parental Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Child Maltreatment. Retrieved December 18, 2009, from http://www.childabuse.com/fs14.htm The Reality of Child Abuse cause and effect. (2009). Retrieved December 18, 2009, from http://stopabusega.tripod.com/id6.html United state Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),child Abuse,. Retrieved December21, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/pdf/trends2006.pdf What is child abuse and neglect?. Retrieved December 20, 2009, from http://www.orgeon.gov/DHS/children/abuse/abuse-neglect.shtml